Most Protestant traditions permit contraception within marriage as a matter of Christian liberty and family stewardship. The Catholic Church prohibits artificial contraception (Humanae Vitae, 1968) but permits natural family planning. Specific concerns: any contraceptive that may act as an abortifacient (preventing implantation of a fertilized egg) raises serious moral concerns for Christians who believe life begins at fertilization. 62/100 Mixed — the method matters significantly.
The Bible does not address modern contraception directly. Genesis 1:28 ("be fruitful and multiply") establishes children as a blessing and procreation as part of God's design for marriage — but does not mandate that every sexual act be open to conception. Genesis 38 (the story of Onan) is sometimes cited but specifically addresses Onan's refusal to fulfill levirate duty, not contraception generally.
Psalm 127:3-5 describes children as "a heritage from the LORD" and "a reward from him" — language that establishes children as blessing, not burden, but does not establish contraception as sinful. The question is whether spacing or limiting children through contraception violates biblical principles of marriage and procreation.
The Catholic Church's position, defined in Pope Paul VI's Humanae Vitae (1968), is that artificial contraception is intrinsically evil — it separates the unitive and procreative dimensions of marriage that God designed to be inseparable. Natural Family Planning (NFP) is permitted because it respects the natural cycle rather than artificially preventing conception. This position is internally coherent and has significant philosophical grounding.
The majority Protestant position permits contraception within marriage as a matter of Christian liberty and responsible stewardship. The 1930 Lambeth Conference (Anglican) was the first major Protestant body to permit contraception; virtually all Protestant denominations followed. The argument: the purposes of marriage include companionship and union (Genesis 2:24) alongside procreation, and responsible family planning can reflect good stewardship.
The most serious Protestant concern about specific contraceptives is the abortifacient question. Some hormonal contraceptives (certain IUDs, emergency contraception/"Plan B") may act by preventing implantation of a fertilized egg rather than preventing fertilization. For Christians who believe life begins at fertilization, this is morally equivalent to early abortion. Christians who hold this view should carefully research the specific mechanism of any contraceptive they consider.
Barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms) and hormonal methods that work by preventing ovulation do not raise abortifacient concerns. See our Is It a Sin? hub and our guide on Is Catholicism Christian? for the broader Catholic-Protestant framework. The Gospel Coalition's treatment of birth control provides thorough evangelical analysis.